Evolution Of Science And Religion - 1179 Words

When comparing science and religion there has been a great rift. As long as humanity has believed in a creator there as always been thinkers trying to quantify and evaluate the truth behind religion, trying to disprove or prove a supernatural force. The ancient Greeks were pioneering philosophers which started the great rift we see in the early development of scientific and quantified analysis. This was first started by Aristotle whuch believed that science was a process of trying to understand the natural laws behind creation and that the creation was mathematically perfect and that logic and reasoning could be able to rationalise the natural phenomena. The expansions of Islam from the 9th century until the 12th century saw science being developed further to explain unknown phenomena. This was known as the Islamic golden age. The early scholars of Islam believed in enlightenment and established wise houses of learning or temples. Cities such as Baghdad became centres of knowledge and contained a wealth of knowledge. It showed great advances medicine, astronomy and agriculture. The knowledge that was gained was seen as the will of Allah and that the God of Islam has allowed them to learn. At this time there was little distinction or variation in philosophy, science and theology. There was no clear rift. The holistic view brought many advancements as peer discussion, citations and validity testing becoming more common and socially accepted. This golden age theory was namedShow MoreRelatedEvolution Of Science And Religion2915 Words   |  12 PagesEvolution is one of the major concepts in biology that had aroused a struggle between sc ience and religion. There are two different viewpoints that have appeared from this conflict, one from scientists and one from the creationists. The scientists view evolution as a long-term process during which living organisms have developed over time. The teaching method that they see fit to this concept is through material in biology textbooks. These textbooks contain information on how certain species, organismsRead More Evolution: Science and Religion Essay2032 Words   |  9 Pages Evolution: Science and Religion In 1895 Charles Darwin published a book describing his theory of evolution, and his theory of the natural selection process. This theory caused much uproar in the religious community because Darwin’s theory went against the story of creation portrayed in the Holy Bible. His theory claimed that all life currently in place had evolved and adapted from a single organism in the beginning. Over time and by process of natural selection only the dominant species were leftRead MoreThe Role Of Science And Religion : An Organism s Success At Catching The Attention Of A Mate949 Words   |  4 PagesAn evolution depends on an organism’s success at catching the attention of a mate, due to the fact that without a mate, an evolution cannot occur. Furthermore, a biological evolution makes reference to the cumulative changes in a population over time. The way it occurs is through species’ genes going through mutation and recombine in order for reproduction to occur. Therefore, a sexual reproduction must occur is by combining half of its genes with another organism’s genes. To put it differently,Read More Evolution Vs. Creationism Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution vs. Creationism Abstract In the history of science vs. religion there have been no issues more intensely debated than evolution vs. creationism. The issue is passionately debated since the majority of evidence is in favor of evolution, but the creation point of view can never be proved wrong because of religious belief. Human creation breaks down into three simple beliefs; creation theory, naturalistic evolution theory, and theistic evolution theory. The complexities of all threeRead MoreThe Conflict Between Religion And Science951 Words   |  4 PagesIs there a conflict between religion and science, or are both items compatible? This question is addressed in the debate that is written about in the book Science and Religion, Are they Compatible, by Daniel C. Dennett and Alvin Plantinga. Alvin Plantinga thoroughly debates the topic by covering the compatibility of Christianity and science. He continues his argument by stating the issue of naturalist and science harbor the conflict not the theism. Planting a goes into detail how some scientific theoriesRead MoreAnalysis Of Barbara Kingsolvers A Fist In The Eye Of God1728 Words   |  7 Pagesover the acceptance of evolution and the scientific understandings of human origins. Scientists believe in the theory of evolution which states that organisms arise and develop through natural selection, whereas others believe that God is responsible in creating the natural processes essential to human life. The controversy on how organisms evolved affects the education system, since many schools are banning the teaching of evolution. The lack of scientific knowledge on evolution can be detrimental toRead MoreShould Intelligent Design and/or Creationism Be Taught Alongside Evolution in Public Schools?641 Words   |  3 Pagesshould be taught alongside evolution in public schools, which has been going on for a great amount of years. Intelligent design is the idea of natures changes cannot be a random process, but a type of guidance must have lead to why nature is the way it is in today’s era. In most cases, that specific guidance is God. God has created the world for a purpose. Creationism is the same idea as intelligent design, believing that nature was created by a divine being, God. Evolution is the idea of natural selectionRead MoreThe Beliefs Of The World : Creationism Vs Creationism1266 Words   |  6 PagesThe Beliefs of the World: Creationism vs Evolution Creationism and Evolution is a heavily discussed topic all over the world, sparking controversy on every turn. Whether humanity evolved from monkeys over time or was created instantly by an almighty God; that has been the debate between creationist and scientist since Charles Darwin came forth with the evolution theory in the late eighteen-fifties. It’s hard to contest against the facts of science. Science tells us that the Earth was created relativelyRead MoreThe Evolution Of Creationism And Evolution1276 Words   |  6 PagesCreationism and Evolution is a heavily discussed topic all over the world, sparking controversy on every turn. Whether humanity evolved from monkeys over time or was created instantly by an almighty God; that has been the debate between creationist and scientist since Charles Darwin came forth with the evolution theory in the late eighteen-fifties. It’s hard to contest against the facts of science. Science tells us that the Earth was created rel atively 4.5 billion years ago and life evolved fromRead MoreReligious Groups Responses On Science Groups1511 Words   |  7 PagesAdegbonmire Leh 355-A03W Prof Telliel 5/26/16 Religion Vs Science Research Topic: Religious groups responses on science group theories on how the world was formed in the modern era. In this essay, we are going to focus on religious group responses to science group theories on how the world was formed in the modern era. We see there has always being a conflict between religion and science groups, because they both believe in different ways on how the world was formed

The Effects Of Concussions On The Brain - 1164 Words

[ABSTRACT] Concussions are complex cerebral injuries that result in a series of metabolic events within the brain. The changes are seen in the fragile neuronal homeostatic balances where changes in the elevations of glutamate and potassium have been identified. The effects of concussions have also been seen in the functioning of the brain rather than in the structure of the brain itself. Being identified as mild traumatic brain injuries, occurring due to a bump or jolt to head or neck, concussions can result in both short-term and long-term effects. Although most individuals are able to recover from these head injuries, a small but relevant portion of individuals have been found to suffer from chronic long-term effects including early onsets of Alzheimer disease, clinical depression and other cognitive complications. The occurrence of a secondary concussion during the recovery phase of a primary concussion, also recognized as the second impact syndrome, has been shown to increase the risk for long-term effects of cerebral and neurological failure as the neurons have become incapable of experiencing normal functions after an initial traumatic brain injury. The recoveries from these initial concussions are critical to prevent the onset of long-term effects. [CEREBRAL EFFECTS OF SPORTS-RELATED CONCUSSIONS] In a society where sports have become the focus for most youths, there has been increased attention to identification, diagnosis and prevention of sports-relatedShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Concussions On The Brain1698 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: A concussion is a mild form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a sudden or violent blow, bump, or jolt to the head. Concussions can also occur from a fall or a blow to the body that causes the head to move rapidly back and forth. These types of sudden or violent impacts make the brain accelerate inside of the skull, in movements called coups and contrecoups. These movements lead to the brain striking the front and back of the skull, damaging the delicate and vital organ. TheRead MoreThe Effects Of Concussions On The Brain Essay1883 Words   |  8 Pages000 concussions per year; 3,800,000 concussions were reported in 2012, which is double of what was reported in 2002. A concussion may be defined as a type of traumatic brain injury—or TBI—caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. This sudden movement can cause the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull, stretching and da maging the brain cells and creating chemical changes in the brain. Concussions are notRead MoreThe Effects of Concussions on Human Beings1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Concussions on Human Beings. Did you know, that someone suffers from a brain injury every 21 seconds (Haas)? Children get concussions all the time, and most of the time they go unnoticed. The majority of concussions happen when one is playing a sport such as football, hockey, or lacrosse. Many famous athletes have had their careers, even their lives cut short due to concussions. Brain damage and death can result from serial concussions (Schafer). When one suffers from a concussionRead MoreConcussions And The Brain : One Of The Body s Most Important Organs1028 Words   |  5 PagesHarris-May Teacher Lynda Kachman CTE Advanced Studies 4 November 2014 Concussions and the brain: One of the body’s most important organs. The brain is the center of the nervous system; it receives information, interprets the information and guides the body’s response to the information. Three parts of the brain are the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the diencephalon, along with the brain stem. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain which handles memory, speech, the senses, emotional responses and muchRead MoreConcussions And Its Effect On Children1309 Words   |  6 PagesConcussions: According to the department of Orthopedic Surgery, at Wayne State University, â€Å"Youth football programs across the United States represent an at-risk population of approximately 3.5 million athletes for sports related concussions† (Buzas 1). Despite these risks, it is easy for some parents get involved in the game and overlook the danger that their children are in. There are parents who do not realize the severity of effects a concussion can have, as there are parents who do not knowRead MoreConcussions : A Concussion As An Immediate And Transient Neural Function Post Traumatic Impairment1627 Words   |  7 PagesBrowne 2 March 2017 Concussions Physicians describe a concussion as an immediate and transient neural function post traumatic impairment such as vision disturbance, alteration of consciousness, and other signs which result from brainstem involvement. An impulsive force or direct head blows leading to head acceleration are the leading causes of concussion in sports. However, not all reported loss of consciousness mean it is a concussion. The public mostly associates concussion with sports such asRead MoreAthletes And Concussions With Concussions1738 Words   |  7 Pages300,000 concussions each year (11 Facts). A concussion is a traumatic brain injury that causes swelling of the brain s soft tissue and disrupts normal brain function (Concussion). A concussion has potential to impact memory and coordination for the rest of the athlete s life along with lead to other, more serious, brain injuries. In order for athletes to reduce the effects from concussions, they need to be educated on the symptoms, ways to avoid the injury, and the possible lifelong effects. ForRead MoreThe Rush Under Those Friday Night Lights1426 Words   |  6 Pageswere the symptoms of a concussion. I should not have stayed in the game. This is why there should be more precautions taken to prevent concussions in sports. These include properly informing athletes and coaches about concussions and making other small adjustments such as limited contact in practice and stricter rules during the game. A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head, fall, or any other sudden movement that shakes or jars the brain inside of the skull (HealthwiseRead MoreThe Effects Of Concussion On Young Athletes1748 Words   |  7 PagesConcussion in Young Athletes Tennessee State University Kenji Anderson Introduction When youth participate in sports, they are at risk for multiple types of injuries. One of the most common and dangerous sports-related injuries is concussions. Although concussions are one of the most visible sports injuries, it is often hard to diagnose. Symptoms of a concussion can be vague and uncertain, which can inevitably lead to more harm to an athlete. Athletes who play with concussionsRead MoreEssay about Concussions Around The World685 Words   |  3 PagesConcussions are a rising issue in the daily life of many athletes in the sports of hockey, soccer, football, and skateboarding. Every 21 seconds, someone in this country encounters a brain injury. Concussions are brain injuries caused by jolts or hard hits around the head. When the tissue of the brain slams against the strong, thick skull in your head, a concussion is very common. This leads to either swelling of the brain, â€Å"torn blood vessels, or injury to the nerves.† (Haas) Eventually, the result

Fiction and Metafiction in Chimamanda †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Fiction and Metafiction in Chimamanda. Answer: Introduction: The danger of a Single Story as described by Adichie, commented on the fact that single stories are being stereotyped not because the stories are not real, but the stories remains incomplete, and readers after completing the stories puts their own connection to it (Tunqca and Daria). Accordingly with the novel Through Black Spruce by Joseph Boyden, there were many characters that had their own stories to tell, such as Will and Annie, but the stories were in fragmented, where readers need to think (Boyden). Show a people asone thing, as only one thing, over and over again and thatis what they become and When I die, nieces, I want to be cremated, my ashes taken up in a bush plane and sprinkled onto the people in town below. Let them think my body is snowflakes, sticking in their hair and on their shoulders like dandruff. The connection between these two quotes is that the story of Will is a fragmented piece and after reading it several times, that becomes the actual story and readers s tart assuming this as true and puts their own perception. In the second article Residential-school commission wraps up and Through Black Spruce there is connection between the two such as both the stories have a sad part and recounted stories of abuses (Leeuw and Sarah). In the first article, students were forced from their own families and put to boarding schools where they faced sexual abuses, cruelty. Many were kept largely isolated from their families, sometimes for years. Similarly the novel speaks about Wills issues with alcohol abuses that led him to coma, and his niece, Annie was forced to rape and was saved by Aboriginal people (PlayPosit). Thus, the connection between the two stories speaks about abuses and cruelty that were faced by the protagonists of the stories. References de Leeuw, Sarah. "Writing as righting: Truth and reconciliation, poetics, and new geo?graphing in colonial Canada."The Canadian Geographer/Le Gographe canadien61.3 (2017): 306-318. Boyden, Joseph. Through black spruce. Vancouver, B.C.: Langara College. (2009). PlayPosit, Inc. "Install Playposit In LMS (Admin) - Playposit Knowledge."Knowledge.playposit.com. N.p., 2018. Web. 23 Mar. (2018). Tunqca, Daria. "The danger of a single short story: Reality, fiction and metafiction in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichies Jumping Monkey Hill."Journal of Postcolonial Writing(2018): 1-14.

Installation Art free essay sample

Installation art is difficult to describe. In principal, it means taking a large interior (the exterior can be part of an installation, too) and loading it with disparate items that evoke complex and multiple associations and thoughts, longings, and moods. Its a huge three-dimensional painting, sculpture, poem, and prose work. Installation art is a relatively new genre of contemporary art, which incorporates a range of 2-D and 3-D materials to influence the way we experience or perceive a particular space. Installations are artistic interventions designed to make us rethink our lives and values.As in all general forms of Conceptual art, Installation artists are more concerned with the presentation of their message than with the means used to achieve it. However, unlike pure Conceptual art, which is supposedly experienced in the minds of those introduced to it, Installation art is more grounded it remains tied to a physical space. Picture: Thomas Hirschhorns The Subjecters on View at La Casa Encendida in Madrid MADRID. We will write a custom essay sample on Installation Art or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thomas Hirschhorn, a Swiss artist resident in Paris, presents an exhibition entitled The Subjecters, which features a series of vitrines containing mannequins and two installations.According to the artist, every work is a commentary on the complex, chaotic, cruel, beautiful and wonderful world we live in. The work of Thomas Hirschhorn (Bern, 1957) is a politically committed reflection about contemporary reality. Employing a variety of disciplines such as sculpture, video and installation, Hirschhorn produces works charged with social and political criticism. Three of the works featured have never before been exhibited: Tools Vitrine, Subjecter, from which the exhibition takes its name, and the Manga figurines Ingrowth, originally created to be shown in a public space in Paris. The Subjecters, which will be on display at La Casa Encendida of Obra Social Caja Madrid through 5 January, comprises a series of vitrines with mannequins and two installations. Using everyday materials such as adhesive tape, cardboard, sheets of plastic, photocopies or, as in this case, mannequins, he represents universal situations in a transgressive, direct way. Through the mannequins, which are intended to represent human beings, the artist talks to us of a universal wound, which personifies his assertion, Each wound is my wound. The exhibition begins with a newly produced piece, INGROWTH, which unlike the other works was originally planned to be exhibited in a public space in Paris. However, as it never went on display, it will receive its first showing here at La Casa Encendida. For Hirschhorn, a vitrine is a public space because it is an enclosed place which exhibits an object for a hypothetical audience. In addition to this piece, the artist has produced two new works for the project: Tool Vitrine and Subjecter, which lends its name to the title of the exhibition.In Tool Vitrine, a mannequin appears to threaten us with a hammer, although he might just be going about his daily work, surrounded by all kinds of tools. The implements are typical of those used by the inhabitants of industrial areas such as Aubervilliers, where the artist has his studio. In the midst of the tools, as if it were an instruction manual, sits a copy of Spinozas Ethics, one of Thomas Hirschhorns favourite books. Meanwhile, in Subjecter, a single mannequin riddled with nails appears outside the vitrines, like a fetishistic representation of a human figure.The mannequins in the works are all connected in some way with society, be it through the tattoos on the surface of 4 Women, the m agazines that highlight body care in Mono Vitrine (Interview), the art books on Goya that remind us of the horrors of war in Mono-Vitrine (Goya), the tools in the piece Tool Vitrine, or the Manga figurines in INGROWTH. Completing the exhibition are two installations situated in the middle of the room, BlackWhite Hemisphere and The One World. The Subjecters is the title of the exhibition but also the global term for the pieces the artist has made with mannequins or parts of them.As the artist himself says, The mannequin (or the parts of mannequins) is not the Subject – its a Subjecter. The Subjecter is an invention of mine – it stands for what I cannot give a name but for what I can give form (and must give form, as the artist), and I worked it out with the form of mannequins, which is not new in the history of art, but which is a form to express the closest-far-away of myself. picture: Meret Oppenheim, Fur Covered Cup, Saucer, and Spoon (Le Dejeuner en Fourrure) 1936 This Surrealist object was inspired by a conversation between Oppenheim and artists Pablo Picasso and Dora Maar at a Paris cafe.Admiring Oppenheim’s fur-covered bracelet, Picasso remarked that one could cover any thing with fur, to which she replied, â€Å"Even this cup and saucer. † Soon after, when asked by Andre Breton, Surrealism’s leader, to participate in the first Surrealist exhibition dedicated to objects, Oppenheim bought a teacup, saucer, and spoon at a department store and covered them with the fur of a Chinese gazelle. In so doing, she transformed genteel items traditionally associated with feminine decorum into sensuous, sexually punning tableware

Tuning a guitar Essay Example

Tuning a guitar Essay Musicians are known to be people of a musical knowledge. Whether it may be playing guitar, drums, or piano, we all know that in order for the instrument to sound good it must be tuned to its right notes. The guitar would be the perfect instrument when it comes to a constant repetition of tuning. In order to be a great musician, there are certain steps that must be taken. If some steps are not followed, the outcome of the sound most likely will not match what you are looking for. A better way for musicians or beginners to follow up on is to make sure that the instrument is clean, strings are in good condition, and tuning device is present to help assist in your process. To avoid damage to your guitar thefirst thing to keep in mind is its maintenance. Electric guitars are usually easier to keep clean, but for acoustic guitars, different supplies are needed because of its material. Acoustic guitars are made of wood. Depending on the kind of wood, your sound may vary with others. Thefir st step to cleaning your guitar is to buy the cleaning solution. Water and a piece of clothe are usually used by most people but you will always find smudge marks and scratches on the surface. A scratch less cleaning cloth and solution is the basic thing you need. Wipe the front of the guitarfirst, followed bye the back, and ending with the neck. Since the solution is different from water you will need to rest the guitar for at least an hour before you begin to play. Well condition strings would be the second most important thing for a musician. Depending on a Spanish guitar or a steel string guitar, there is a big difference of the two. With a Spanish guitar, if you were to closely examine them you can see that out of the six they are bigger and have a plastic feel to them. On the other hand, a steel string guitar requires a little more inspection. Steel strings, if not properly taken care of can rust, stretch, or even snap apart. The most popul

Investigating the Effect of Lipase Concentration on the Breakdown of F

Investigating the Effect of Lipase Concentration on the Breakdown of F Investigating the Effect of Lipase Concentration on the Breakdown of Fat in Milk INTRODUCTION: Enzymes are proteins which can catalyse chemical reactions without changing themselves. The enzyme lipase breaks down the fat in dairy products such as full-cream milk for people who are lactose intolerant. Lipase acts on its specific substrate, lipids produces fatty acids. If enzyme concentration increases, random collisions between the substrates and active sites of enzyme increase due to the increasing amount of active sites which allow more collisions to happen, so the rate of breakdown of lipids to simpler substances will increase. During the experiment, sodium carbonate solution and pH indicator phenolphthalein will be added ahead of lipase enzyme; when the pH is below 8.2, phenolphthalein will turn from pink to colourless. Sodium carbonate solution is added in order to turn the solution alkaline and the indicator pink then back to colourless after lipase is added to catalyse the chemical reaction and speed up the breakdown of lipids into fatty acid in the milk. Fatty acid prod uced then is going to neutralise the solution with sodium carbonate solution added previously; phenolphthalein will finally turn from pink back to colourless. AIM: In this experiment I will investigate the effect of increasing enzyme concentration on the activity of the enzyme lipase that will be allowed to act on the same amount of milk and the time taken for the phenolphthalein to turn from pink to white compared. HYPOPTHESIS: With higher lipase concentrations, there will be more active sites in the solution to be fit in by the substrates, which means more collisions between the active sites and the substrates and quicker breakdown of lipids in the milk within shorter period of time. At enzyme concentration of 1% or 2%, reactions can happen at a relatively slower pace, with lipids broken down and phenolphthalein turning from pink to white over a relatively longer time period. At 3%, enzyme activity will speed up with lipids broken down and phenolphthalein turning from pink to white over a relatively shorter time period. At 4% or 5%, enzyme activity will happen significantly faster. APPARATUS: 1. Lipase solution at concentration 5% 2. 1 test tube 3. 5 dropping pipettes 4. full-fat milk 5. 4 measuring cylinders of 10ml (0.5ml) 6. 1 stopwatch (1s) 7. 1 stirrer 8. phenolphthalein 9. sodium carbonate solution at 0.5 mol dm3 10. Marker pen 11. distilled water 12. 4 beakers of 200ml (5ml) VARIABLES: Independent Variables: 1. Enzyme concentration- effectiveness of enzyme concentration will be tested at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%. Enzyme lipase at the concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% will be made by mixing lipase at 5% and distilled water; all these solutions will be contained in different beakers to keep them pure. In order to make 1% lipase, for each 1ml lipase, 4ml distilled water will be added and poured into a beaker; to make 2% lipase, for each 1ml lipase, 3ml distilled water will be added; to make 3% lipase, for each 1ml lipase, 2ml distilled water will be added; in order to make 4% lipase, for each 1ml lipase, 1ml distilled water will be added. Controlled Variables: 1. Volume of the milk used for every test will be kept constantly at 5ml; substrate concentration will be kept the same since full-cream milk will be used. Different volumes of milk will allow different amount of substrates to be contained in the milk. Therefore, more substrates contained in the milk will take it more time for the enzyme to break all the fats while the amounts of lipase and sodium carbonate solution stay the same. 2. pH of the substrate the identical amount of 7ml sodium carbonate solution, which is alkaline, will be added in the test tube; if not, more or less fatty acids will be produced and needed to neutralise the solution and for the phenolphthalein to turn from pink to colourless. 3. Volume of lipase solution 3ml lipase will be added to for each test. By keeping this the same, the amount of active sites of enzyme will be equal in all the cases, therefore allowing results to be fair. If more were placed in one of the test tubes, then the rate of activity of the enzyme at different concentrations will be wrongly judged, leading to incorrect conclusion. 4. Temperature

Critical review a paper concerned with change Essay

Critical review a paper concerned with change - Essay Example The case study focuses on the beer distribution system and the structural inertia as a result of a long serving CEO. The case study also dwelled on the problems encountered in the company as a result of subsequent CEO successions and how these problems affected different levels of management. Organizational change is introduced so as to move the organization from the current state to a desirable state (Ragsdell, 2000). This can be achieved in several ways such as radical change and incremental change. The interaction between these two models can be evaluated using the punctuated equilibrium model of change. This is helpful for identifying two shapes of organizational change and elaborating on the link between these shapes. It also helps identify the role played by the top and middle management in implementing the two types of organizational change. A case study of Heineken can be used to illustrate the shapes of organizational change and the application of the punctuated equilibrium model. The company is ideal for identifying the factors determining a particular shape of organizational change. The research method was a case study of the Dutch beer brewing company. However, the findings of the case study cannot be generally valid since the research did not provide any general results. Further research is necessary before the findings can be extended to other companies in other industries. Heineken was selected due to the long history that is well documented with numerous sources of information regarding the company. On the other hand, the long history means that the company has dealt with several challenges of organizational change. The available sources have detailed information regarding the challenges experienced by Heineken when dealing with organizational change. In the late 1980s, the CEO of the company was changed, which had a large impact on the organization. Therefore, the choice of the case study was ideal since there were several journals and reviews that provide information about the company. The levels and changes in management make it easy to apply the punctuated equilibrium model of organizational change. Tushman and Romanelli (1985) developed the punctuated equilibrium model that proposes an interaction between incremental and radical organizational change. They argue that convergent periods experienced in an organization cause reorientation that demarks and sets the bearing for the coming convergent period. Long time spans of incremental change are referred to as convergent periods, and short periods of radical and discontinuous change are called reorientations. Organization change occurs in five domains: organization culture, structure, strategy, power distribution, and control systems (Romanelli and Tushman, 1994). These domains are central to activities of the organization and important for its survival. Activity domains interact in different levels of performance and inertia, which are the basic factors for organizatio nal change. Inconsistent activities lead to low performance and organizational failure. High performance is achieved when activities are consistent and coupled to each other. Although the punctuated equilibrium model suggests a distinction between radical and incremental change, Stace and Dunphy (1996) propose four types of change. The first type is fine tuning where change is a continuous process characterized by a match between strategy, structure, processes, and people. The second type is incremental

Nature versus Nurture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nature versus Nurture - Essay Example erived from the review of the theories, it has been observed that deciding whether the behavior of exhibited by human are genetic or learned is quite difficult. Nevertheless, it has been clearly observed that the impact of environment on the behavior of human being is largely apparent in many of the theories conducted in the filed of human growth and development. Human growth and development is an integral part of human life cycle. In order to describe the human growth and development, it is extremely important to acquaint with the concept of development. In this regard, development is a conception of continuous process. It is also describes that the growth and development is a periodical process, which changes over the time as human beings are matured. The process of growth and development helps human to think logically and perceive things rationally which will influence human to maintain all the responsibilities towards the society. The development process starts when a child is born and continues throughout the life (Ruffin, 2013). With this concern, the easy analyzes the seven theoretical perspectives of human growth and development and draws three inferences explaining on going debate of Nature versus Nurture related to lifespan. The human growth and development is a conception, which mainly depends upon several theoretical approaches. In order to explain the importance of the theoretical approaches it has been stated that the theories mainly works as a supportive factor to judge the world with the proper logic as well as in a balanced way. Besides, there are several theories that help people to understand that process of development of human personality as well as the nature and reasons behind the behavioral approach of a human. The theoretical approaches of human growth and development also describe the influence of human action on the environment. It has been also describes that the several theories are based on critical approaches of social and

Discuss the role of magistrate and jurors in the legal decision-making Essay

Discuss the role of magistrate and jurors in the legal decision-making process - Essay Example Consider the disadvantages of the services that the magistrates and jurors provide in the legal decision-making. The contribution of magistrates and jurors to the legal decision-making will be assessed based on the consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the services they provide in the legal decision-making. Courts and Legal Services Act 1990- includes provisions on appointments of District Judges and the courts’ procedure, specifically in respect to distribution of civil business between the County Courts and High Court. The Contempt of Court Act 1981- states that disclosure of anything that took place in the jury room amounts to a contempt of court and is therefore a criminal offence. Juries Act 1974- consolidates particular enactments relating to jury service, jurors, and juries with improvements and corrections made under the Consolidation of Enactments Act 1949. The Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007- contains fundamental legal procedures and courtsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ structure Condron v UK (2001) 31 EHRR 1- provides an example of how magistrates and jurors legal decision-making process can lead to breach of human rights. ... Summary of the arguments that point out that, indeed, the magistrates and jurors play a very critical role in the legal decision-making process. Question 2 Introduction The magistrates and jurors play a very important role in the resolution of both criminal and civil cases (Elliott and Frances, 2008, p. 12). For over 1000 years, jurors have formed a fundamental part of the English Legal System and have played very important role in the legal matters’ resolution for many centuries (Slapper and David, 2001, p. 35). Similarly, magistrates have also been playing a very instrumental role in resolving criminal and civil cases and have in recent years become extensively important in many of the cases in the English Legal System. The jurors form a jury an arrangement that is made up of a specific number of ordinary individuals who are called for service on any legal matter (Forsterlee & Horowitz, 1997, p. 307). Jurors’ main role is to bring their perspective to a case as lay pe rson with no knowledge of law. Jurors combine their common sense, wisdom, and experience to decide the facts relating to a particular case in order to reach a verdict (Cownie et al, 2007, p. 51). It is worth noting that jurors simply decide the verdict and not the law; the jury decides the question of the defendant guilt while the judge decides on the point of law. In respect to magistrates, they are local people volunteering their services. Magistrates do not have formal legal qualifications and are chosen based on their local knowledge. They sit in the magistrates’ court as a bench of two or three magistrates (Sanders and Young, 2004, p. 97). The court trial involves several processes. The initial process within

Ford Motor Company: Challenges and Opportunities

Ford Motor Company: Challenges and Opportunities The purpose of the following report is to identify the most significant problems facing the Ford Motor Corporation and recommend a course of action that most adequately resolves the challenges of todays marketplace. It begins by outlining three of the major challenges facing the Ford Motor Company: Fords current business plan is not as financially and environmentally sustainable as it could be. Global economic markets are performing far worse than Ford had expected in prior planning. Fords market share in developing foreign markets is lower than desired. The report recommends that Ford should focus on creating a more financially and environmentally sustainable business model by developing energy efficient and environmentally sustainable automobile models in every vehicle class. These models should be developed without significant increases in consumer cost or decreases in overall performance. This is to be accomplished by revamping Fords research and development program. Some potentially promising areas of research include hybrid electric vehicles, natural gas vehicles, and electric vehicles. Ford has the opportunity to make the most progress by focusing on hybrid vehicle research and development. This is to be done by redirecting other RD expenditures and efforts, scaling back production to free up additional funds, initiating a new public relations campaign to inform consumers about the new sustainable Ford plan, and creating partnerships with leading technology and engineering firms. The report then presents an ethical screen outlining the moral considerations this course of action entails. While the creation of a more sustainable business model builds upon Fords ethical commitments, the loss of jobs resulting from proposed production and retail facility closures conflicts with these principles. And while a course of action that brings about greater job losses to Ford employees is less than ideal, it arises from market conditions. Lack of action may result in even greater job losses on a long-term scale. In this way, the recommended course of action resonates with the ethical commitments outlined in Fords Mission Statement. A feasibility report discusses Fords ability to achieve these goals. As of 2007, the Ford Motor Company maintained the second highest RD budget in the world, with a hybrid vehicle program already well underway. In the year 2000, Ford unveiled the first U.S. made hybrid-vehicle, an accomplishment that sets Ford apart from its U.S. competitors. This report concludes that Ford possesses adequate resources and abilities to reach these new goals. A cost-benefit analysis then weighs potential losses against gains that may arise from this plan. The proposed course of action is high-risk is cost-intensive, however the potential benefits of increased income outweigh the expenditures Ford stands to lose while pursuing this goal and the equally high-risk option of failing to act on this pressing challenge and opportunity. Finally, the report outlines a preliminary budget, timeline, and a step-by-step course of action. Overall, the proposed plan is intended to cost Ford little in terms of net expenditure, and should be completed in its entirely by the year 2015. Position The Ford Motor Company is one of the largest automotive manufactures in the world (OICA). Founded in 1903 by Henry Ford, Ford Motor Company is currently one of Americas Big Three auto manufacturers, along with Chrysler and General Motors (Datamonitor 13). As of 2009, Fords net worth in assets was $222.977 billion (Ford 67). Fords market capitalization in 2006 was reported at just over $13 billion (Kiley), and the companys total equity as of 2009 stands at negative $17.311 billion (Ford 67). Debt notwithstanding, Ford stands apart from Chrysler and GM as the only Big Three manufacturer to not seek bankruptcy or government bailout since the onset of the current financial recession. Ford has incorporated Lincoln Mercury, Volvo, Aston Martin and one-third of Mazda into its brand roster. Fords Mission Statement is titled the One Ford Mission. It is divided into three parts One Team, One Plan, One Goal and is included in this reports Appendix on page 17. Ford strives to be one of the leading automotive manufacturers in the world, and to sustain this position for generations to come. Furthermore, Ford strives to provide its consumers with an affordable, ethical, and quality product. There are a number of key stakeholders that rely on the Ford brand, including financial investors, consumers, and large companies and government organizations that depend on Ford to maintain reliable fleets of vehicles (Datamonitor 14). Challenges to Ford While the Ford Motor Companys influence on the automotive industry is undeniable, a wide variety of challenges are preventing Ford from capitalizing on the opportunities presented by todays shifting economic and social landscapes. Three of these challenges will be outlined in the following section. They are listed in order of priority. Fords current automobile models are not as energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable as they could be. William Clay Ford Jr. echoes the sentiments of Ford Motor Companys Mission Statement in a recent interview: For us, sustainability is not just about the environment if you dont have a sustainable business model, none of the rest matters (Bonini and Kaas). Ford prides itself as a company built both on innovation as well as ethical responsibility. Yet Ford trails significantly behind Toyota in terms of hybrid technology and GM in terms of larger-class hybrid vehicles (Carr-Ruffino and Acheson 21). With no hybrid or alternative energy models of its own in several vehicle classes, Ford has much ground to cover in becoming a leader in environmental sustainability. Global economic markets are performing far worse than Ford had expected in prior planning. This poor planning has resulted in a $34.3 billion debt that strains Fords already tight budget (Ford 28). Compounding these problems, consumer confidence is, in turn, exasperatingly low (Datamonitor 9) with most consumers unwilling to make large purchases until markets improve. While government incentives such as the so-called cash-for-clunkers legislation and tax-credits for hybrid vehicle owners have helped American auto manufacturers weather unusually low sales figures, these fixes are temporary (U.S. Department of Energy). Fords market share in developing foreign markets is lower than desired. While Ford posted a 1.1% gain in domestic market shares this year (16.1% up from 15.0% at the close of 2008), the company remains fourth in total global sales behind Toyota, GM, and Volkswagen (OICA) and possesses only 2.0% of all automotive sales in the companys South Asia Africa sector, which includes the rapidly emerging markets of China and India (Ford 19). While Ford ultimately must address all of these challenges to remain competitive and fulfill its Mission Statement, the remainder of this report will focus on how Ford can create more energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable automobiles. In so doing, Ford stands to develop consumer acquisitions and brand loyalty by addressing rapidly changing needs of consumers and other stakeholders. Consumer Needs Research is showing that more and more consumers do not want to own cars that are not fuel-efficient. This is due to financial as well as ethical considerations (Prickett 29). Rising gas prices are increasing the importance of fuel-efficiency for consumers (Bonini and Kaas) and governments are willing to offer incentives to consumers in exchange for their purchases of more fuel-efficient vehicles. As the U.S. economy is based largely on fossil fuel usage and as increasing scarcity is beginning to characterize fossil fuel sources worldwide there is social interest vested in increasing overall reliance on sustainable energy sources. To remain competitive, Ford must not only acknowledge this future, but embrace it. Domestic and global auto-manufacturers stand to gain a competitive edge if Ford does not act on this changing consumer need quickly. More and more hybrid models emerge every year, with GM leading the way in larger hybrid vehicle models (Carr-Ruffino and Acheson). Chinas government and domestic auto-manufacturers have made it clear that they intend to make China the next center of hybrid and light vehicle construction (Gallagher). The clock is ticking and Fords window of opportunity is closing. Sustainability at Ford Ford must work to create sustainable models in all vehicle classes. These models must compare to conventional counterparts in terms of ticket price. On top of this, Ford must ensure that public infrastructure can adequately support these innovations so that consumers are not burdened with new operating complications, costs, or maintenance issues. Potentially promising areas of development include hybrid vehicles, natural gas vehicles, and electric vehicles (Bonini and Kaas). Hybrid vehicles present the least complicated fix in terms of infrastructure and consumer familiarity compared to other alternative fuel types. And while all options must be explored, Fords first step is to focus on developing and expanding its hybrid program. Fords hybrid program is already well underway, and would require less allocation of resources to build upon in comparison with other areas of research and development. Revamping Fords hybrid program will require significant financial commitments. In markets that already leave little breathing room for addition expenditure, this report recommends that Ford funnel all research and development funds into innovating Fords hybrid program. Ford must also develop cooperative RD facilities with leading energy firms, government research groups, and NGOs to save on costs and consolidate resources and knowledge. In addition, Ford should continue scaling back production to meet the lower demands of recession markets (Canis and Platzer) and redirect most of these savings into an expanded RD program. By making these changes in tandem with a massive PR campaign, Ford stands to gain considerable market shares both domestically and abroad (Byron). And while this recommendation is high-risk, the history of the Ford Motor Company demonstrates that Ford functions best when setting itself apart from competitors and taking risks. The Ford Motor Company was build on big thinking and technological innovation (Wren and Greenwood 73), and it is through these methods that Ford will overcome the most pressing challenges of todays market. Benefits to Sustainability Ethical screen. The notion of a more environmentally friendly Ford Motor Company is not only ethically compatible with Fords Mission Statement, it reaffirms and builds upon it. At the same time, there are consequences to this course of action that contain further ethical considerations. Due to the proposed closing of several production and retail facilities, a number of Ford employees stand to lose their jobs. This move is extremely unwelcome in a nation with an unemployment rate already averaging 9.7% (Bureau of Labor Statistics). Ford stands to suffer from bad publicity and to potentially contradict the ethical commitments outlined in its mission statement. This course of action, however, is necessitated by recession markets and does not represent the ultimate intentions of the Ford Motor Company. The strategy of creating a more sustainable Ford is intended to protect the job security of all Ford employees on a long-term basis (i.e. the creation of a more sustainable business model). It is the conclusion of this report, therefore, that this course of action complies with and upholds the ethical commitments outlined in Fords mission statement. Feasibility analysis. In terms of pure research, hybrid technology is fairly well understood and is already utilized by the Ford Motor Company. Focus must be placed on improving hybrid efficiency, performance, and reliability, as well as maintaining affordable costs to consumers. Furthermore, Fords RD facilities are top-notch and already working to develop Fords hybrid program. As of 2007, Ford had the second-largest research and development budget in the world at approximately $8 billion annually (Vijayenthiran). Additionally, Ford was the first auto-manufacturer to offer a U.S.-made hybrid vehicle (in the year 2000) (Carr-Ruffino and Acheson). Based on this information, it is entirely feasible that Ford can produce additional landmark models in the near future provided that adequate resources and proper strategies are applied towards revamping its current hybrid RD program. Cost-Benefit Analysis. There are a number of initial costs that Ford must account for in order to properly execute this course of action. Costs must be covered immediately and will rely on the success of several preliminary budget-saving steps. That said, the total price of developing hybrid models for all vehicle classes is intended to be accounted for through internal budget recoveries; reductions in production costs are meant to reduce the need for increased net spending. The potential benefits of these investments far outweigh initial costs, but are long-term and may not bring significant returns until the entirety of the plan is completed. And while this proposal is financially risky, the current problems facing the Ford Motor Company its potential inability to respond to the challenges and opportunities of a changing marketplace are dire enough that the competitiveness of the company itself is at risk. In this sense, these costs should not only be considered investments, but preventative measures. Costs: public relations campaign: $300 million annually includes costs due to advertising in print, television, radio, and internet media, partnerships with non-profit organizations, market research, and product promotions; revamped RD facilities: $700 million annually includes costs due to equipment, larger research/design staff, new/upgraded facilities, fair-use of patents and other legal expenses, materials, and partnerships with technology firms, government research groups, and NGOs. Total costs: approximately $1 billion annually for the next five years. Monetary benefits: A report from 2009 estimates that by 2015 the global hybrid vehicle market will have risen by 31.3% and be valued at around $67.7 billion (Global Markets Direct). In 2009 the U.S. market comprised 47.5% of all hybrid vehicles sold worldwide (or a predicted $32.16 billion annually in 2015, if the U.S. market share remains the same). Of these 2009 sales, Toyota has currently sequestered the highest market share of 72% percent (R.L Polk Co.). If Ford succeeds in obtaining the highest U.S. market share in prospected hybrid sales by 2015 and if this market share is roughly the same as Toyotas first-ranked share in 2009 Ford could earn up to $23.15 billion in hybrid vehicle sales in 2015 in the U.S. alone (72% of $32.16 billion). While this estimate is extremely rough and represents a very high performance in terms of Fords future hybrid sales, it illustrates the potential monetary benefits that may result from focusing on hybrid development over the next several year s. Other benefits: Financial and environmental sustainability should be considered tremendous benefits in their own right. It is through both that Ford ensures future competitiveness and remains true to its Mission Statement. Recommendations for Ford This report recommends the following steps to achieve success in its goal of creating a more sustainable Ford Motor Company. First, Ford must begin a PR campaign focused on educating consumers about the current status of the automotive industry and to raise awareness about the future Ford is helping to build. The campaign should focus both on consumers who, in general, already look favorably on hybrid vehicles, as well as those who may be skeptical about hybrid performance, cost, and feasibility on a larger scale. Ford must use this campaign to unveil to consumers its five-year plan to create a more sustainable Ford. This should begin immediately and be fully operational after a transition period of no more than four full quarters. Ford should continue this campaign until the Ford brand is synonymous with sustainability. A total of around $300 million per year (from an estimated $1 billion gleaned annually from facility closures) will be allocated towards the development and maintena nce of this new PR campaign. Market research teams will evaluate the success of this campaign twice per quarter. The PR campaign will be considered a success once the Ford brand is recognized above all global competitors as the leader in sustainability and hybrid vehicle production. Second, Ford must begin to significantly scale back production. This should be completed within the next four quarters. While the PR campaign should begin immediately, it may take several months for Ford to assess which production and retail facilities are most extraneous. Qualified workers can be transferred to different positions at RD facilities and public relations departments (Ford will begin recruiting internally). This step will be considered successful once Ford has reduced its production costs by a goal of around $1 billion annually. Managers will monitor the progress of facility closures with goals set at reducing operating costs by about $250 million annually per quarter for the next four quarters. Third, Ford must immediately direct newly acquired funds towards revamping its RD program and focusing this program upon the development of hybrid technologies. This should be completed within the next four quarters and will utilize an additional $700 million annually (gleaned from the estimated $1 billion in reduced annual operating expenses). Achievement teams will assess the growth of Fords hybrid RD program twice per quarter, ensuring that a gain of at least $175 million in addition annual RD funds are available at the end of each quarter. Fourth, Ford must begin to develop relationships and partnerships with leading energy firms. By creating cooperative RD facilities where research tasks, budgets and innovations are shared Ford stands to make significant strides at lower costs and accelerated rates. By sequestering their cooperation early on, Ford stands to gain a competitive edge against competitors. Ford must gain cooperative relationships with the majority of leading energy and engineering firms such as General Electric and Lockheed Martin as well as non-government organizations and federal research groups like the EPAs National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL) in Ann Arbor, Michigan (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). Costs and evaluations will be incorporated into expanded RD departments. Fifth, Ford must unveil several new models of hybrid vehicles in all vehicle class types. This should be accomplished completely by 2015, followed by the eventual discontinuation or transformation of existing conventional-engine-models in years to follow. Hybrid models should cost no more than current conventional counterparts, and perform comparatively. Vehicle design budgets will be incorporated into expanded RD departments. The challenges facing the Ford Motor Company are great, but will be overcome through innovation and an increased dedication towards environmental and financial sustainability. Ford has repeatedly acted as a revolutionary force throughout history, and it is only through equally radical revolutions and innovations that Ford can help usher a new era in the global automotive industry.

Marajuana: Effects And After Affects Essay -- essays research papers

One of the most common illegal drug in the United States is marijuana. There are mixed views about this drug, some people want it legalized, other people don't. In this essay, I hope to display the facts about this illegal narcotic, and explain many vie Marijuana has many different names such as "kif" in Morocco, "doggo" in South Africa and "gangi" in India. There are many slang terms for this type of drug such as "grass," "pot," "weed," "reefer," "mj," "boo," "broccoli," "ace'', "joint," "Colombian" Tetrahydrocnnabinal(THC) was not found until the mid 1960's. Marijuana can be used medically or for an intoxicant. Doctors prescribe it to relieve pain for people in chemotherapy, or with other diseases. During the 1960's and 1970's mainly teenagers used marijuana. In the 1970's 11% said they used it daily, but recently, only about 5% use it daily. In 1975, 27% of people said they used it that previous month, and in 1978, that figure grew to 39%, but dr Rapid, loud talking and bursts of laughter are in the early stages of intoxication and sleepy or stuporous is in the later stages. Forgetfulness in conversation, inflammation in the whites of the eyes and the pupils unlikely to be dilated are in the la &nb...

The Social Issues in China

The social issues in China are in point of fact varied and wide ranging. There are some problems that have affected the nation for quite long and a permanent solution has never been obtained. However, some have been affecting the nation, yet they do not hinder the citizens from growing economically. Because of the vast number of these social problems, the government has faced considerable difficulties in trying to come up with solution to them. Most of these issues are addressed by the media. In so doing, some that are sensitive to the political issues may be considered. Some professionals hold that the China's fragile social balance when combined with the bubble economy, contributes to instability of the country. On the same plinth, others argue that the societal trends in China have actually created a balance to sustain it. For this reason, the paper will examine some of the social problems affecting the nation. By and large, it will majorly delve on employment and elitism and discrimination majorly affect the country socially. Moreover, it will examine on the causes of the problems, the effort made by the government to help solve the problems, the outcomes from the manner in which the problem is solved. Most importantly, some possible ways that can help reduce or solve the problems so that they do not inflict emotional and psychological pain to the recipients.Causes of UnemploymentBecause there is difficulty in the state enterprise development, there is a reason for the laid off-off workers within most cities in China. Old state owned enterprises are facing serious losses and liquidating sine they do not have the capability to sustain a wide range of masquerading unemployment. On the other hand, the newly owned states leaders in most cases tend to unload themselves from the burden of outmoded workers. They do this so that they can expand their profit margin. Moreover, there are some significant changes that have taken place in the industrial structure, and this has caused a lot of joblessness too many people. On the same regard, a number of large old and huge enterprises of the capital of goods produced are found to be increasingly difficult to bid for more orders because there is massive change for the demands of goods on the customers' side, because of the new facilities. Another major cause of unemployment worth pointing out is continued increasing of the surplus work force. The population growth of the country is increasing at an alarming rate and this makes the level of employment to go down. There are new entrants into the labor market hence makes the job opportunity to go down. As the population increases, the firms to absorb them reduce in number hence making the majority to become idle, because they do not have anything to keep them busy. Another cause of is inadequate skills at workplace and lack of education. This has affected the great percentage of the China's population. In an ideal world, there are quantities of people who cannot get jobs because of their little knowledge. Most of the companies in the country need enhancing, and must therefore get quality employees lest they stop operating. Furthermore, another data shows that educational backgrounds of many people are directly intertwined to unemployment. Most of the unemployed people are those with little knowledge as far as the job they want is concerned. From the analysis it is inherent that the three are some of the major causes, and it is not only in the private sectors, but also a national problem which needs proper solution from both the labors and the government at large.Government Effort to Solve the ProblemDespite the fact that these problems have affected the country both economically and socially, the government has tried at all cost to device methodologies to help curb the problems. First, the government has come up with the enrollment expansion plan. For the past twenty years, China's college enrollment rate has stood to about three percent, which is much lower than most of the developed countries. On the same pedigree, the education department also sensed the need expand the enrolment rate in the college s. Also, the central government tried all ways out to deploy many measures in a bid to expand the rate of enrolment in school. This has been achieved through building of schools, hiring more professors from and outside the nation to help in impacting knowledge to the learners. Above all, offering scholarship to the poor students. By and large, the processes have greatly improved the illiteracy level in most of the people within the country and today, majorities are employed. There has been increase in the demand and supply of the goods produced. In real essence, supplies do not only outweigh demand, but many of the employers have questioned the education that the college students have received. Because many learning institutions have been started, most young people are able to access, education in their line of specialization, and this has helped them a lot in their line of specialization as far as job market is concerned. On the same line, students are made aware of the unemployment issues as early as they get into schools. Through this they are encouraged to work extra hard so that they evade the problem when they come out of school. In point of fact, one who does not have outstanding papers finds it difficult to secure job because of the competition in the job market. The local government has made plans with the enterprises to help those in colleges and universities by enhancing a plan which gives graduates work and training experience. The local government does the contact work and convinces most of the enterprises so that they can provide job opportunities and internship programs for the graduates for a period of one year. During this period, the government supports the interns by providing for them a small allowance on a monthly basis. After the end of the internship, the enterprise can either decide to absorb the interns depending on the effort made during the period of placement. Also, the government suggests that the graduates can stay in colleges and do research as co workers, and they get paid by the research funds. Through this, they ultimately get good pay that sustains their economic wellbeing so that they become responsible people in the society. Most importantly, during the training sessions, the students are made aware that there employment market is flooded and they should try as much as possible to get self employed. Because of this, most of the graduates have started their own businesses to help them generate income for themselves without necessarily depending on the employment from the government.Outcome of UnemploymentGenerally, unemployment crisis is social, economic and political problem that affect every society. When the society is not empowered economically, it fails in all aspects. For example, unemployment creates social disparity between the rich and the poor. The rich, in most cases, does not find it comfortable associating themselves with the low class earners, which should not be the case. Because of the problem, most of the many people who are employed in China do not have time to spend with the unemployed citizens because they actually do not merge at any aspect. The poor has their own shopping centers, lanes, rentals, slums, as opposed to the high class. The economic and social aspect unemployment is that it leads to high dependency ratio. When most of the youth are not employed, they will entirely depend on their parents to provide for them everything including basic needs. On the other hand, the parents may feel overburdened, hence loosing the good social relationship and bond between themselves. On the same line, the families that are well of economically find it difficult to interact with the families that are not stable hence causing discrimination. For example, those from rich families take their children to good schools where they can attain proper education and eventually succeed in life. On the other hand, the poor takes their children to slum school where the children cannot attain good education. This scenario widens the gap between the rich and the poor because there is no point where they meet social, hence widening their social inconsistency. Unemployment leads to unethical stay in the society. When the citizens are not working, they become idle along the streets. They do not think positively in most cases. The fact that they have to eat shelter and socialize and the money factor to support them is a problem, they end up in ethical practices that can make them get money to support themselves. Theft cases have been reported in most cases from young and old people who are not employed. It is not due their likeness, but the fact that they do not have what to generate for them income, they end up in such acts. On the same plinth, the government finds it difficult to manage the poor youths. This comes in the sense that that high number of them engages in malpractices which is against the government law, which eventually subjects them to physical torture. When the government is not in good terms with the youths, it is very difficult for the political stability to be in the nation.Possible ways to Solve the ProblemsIn the real essence, the problem should be addressed amicable so that it does not affect both parties. The government should understand that they need the young people who are jobless for the peaceful movement in the nation. On the other hand, the young unemployed should understand that they require the government to help them in most of the problems they face. Both p arties should be beneficial to one another for peaceful coexistence in the society. First, the government should device various modalities to improve the employment issue. There should improved infrastructure to enhance people to move to every part of the nation to solicit for job opportunities. On the same note, the government should improve the housing system so that it can accommodate all the citizens without barrier. For example, those living in slums should be considered and be constructed for building that accommodates them peacefully. On the same pedigree, the charges of the rent should be accommodating to all so that many do not suffer when it comes shelter coverage. Similarly, the government should encourage e-commercial business and logistics to help in boosting then youths who are economically down. Most importantly, the government should provide funds to the young people who are jobless so that they can start their own business operation. In so doing, they will be dependant to themselves because they will be doing their own businesses and will not seek for employment. On the same dictum, it will be an advantage to the government too because there will revenue generated back to the government and peaceful coexistence will be maintained because the youths will no longer engage in the malpractices activities that can dent their image in the society. On the other hand, it is important for the youths to understand that they are the leaders of tomorrow and whatever thing they do today, affect their life to come. In so doing, they should be focused minded in everything they do. They should work hand in hand with the government so that they realize their goals by the end of the day. People should also live in harmony with one another without discrimination of age, sex, race or social class. When God created us, He was never discriminative and so we should emulate. The rich should embrace the poor and take care of them in most situations. They should be helped to get out of their poverty situations and make them stable. Most importantly, there should be peaceful coexistence between everyone living in the society, because when there is peace, there is love and harmony and it makes people to love and care for each other both socially, economically and even politically.

mirranda essays

mirranda essays The Supreme Court of the United States of America often makes decisions, which change this great nation in a great way. Often there is a disagreement over their decision: the court itself is often split. The impact of the Courts decision creates discussions and on occasion, violence. This is what happened in the case of Miranda v. Arizona in 1966, this case proven to be one of the most controversial cases in the history of this great nation and its people. This case changed history of this country and left a tremendous impact, which many tried to revisit and change in some way or another. Ernest Miranda was born in 1940 in a little town Mesa, Arizona. His father had emigrated from Mexico and now was supporting the family of tree as a house painter. In 1946 Ernest Miranda lost his mother. His mother's death seemed to mark the end of the happy childhood and the beginning of the troubled youth ("Miranda v. Arizona" 14). It was in the elementary school were Mr. Miranda a chose his way, his discipline was not acceptable his attendance record shows more absences then days present. He was able to finish the 8th grade but his latter education was stopped by his growing criminal activities his first serious arrest was for car theft, he was convicted and received probation ("Miranda v. Arizona" 14). From then on his criminal record growth to inorams size, it shows that he was arrested and convicted for crime such as burglary for which he was convicted and sends to State Industrial School for Boys at Fort Grant. Only a month after his release he arrested and charged with atte mpted rape and assault. He was found guilty and returned to Fort Grand in January 1957 Miranda was released from Fort Grant two month latter he was arrested in California for curfew violations and Peeping Tom activities five month after hi was arrested for armed robbery. He was released because the state did not have enough evidence to convict him ("Miranda v. Arizona" 14...

Feeling Like a Fraud

Feeling Like a Fraud Every time I begin a new book, I doubt my skills to make it happen. Just last week I told my husband as we cooked dinner: I keep wondering if my first books were chance, luck, my best ideas used up. He shook his head, marveling at my silliness, telling me as always that I think too hard. But invariably when I write, I wonder, Am I pretending to be a writer or am I really a writer, and how do I know the difference? Any writer who thinks they have arrived are not writers to read. Ive learned that much in this crazy business. The biggest names in the business continue to improve on their craft, their brand, their storytelling ability. We start as novices, then we advance to mid-level where weve learned a few things, but we arent masters. We make some money, but not enough to crow about. Many of us quit along the way, because that doubt takes hold and wins. Others weather through that insecurity over and over, dying at a higher rung on the ladder or choosing to climb higher. But nobody is immune to the feeling that they are trying to be something they are not. Just like were supposed to turn off our internal editor as we write, we should invest ourselves in a story for the sake of storytelling, not for the dream of fame and wealth. Its those who continue writing, those who write because they simply enjoy the experience, those who fight to be better without putting a dollars and cents measurement on the investment, who wake up one day after writing day after day and realize theyve actually done something decent and earned a degree of respect. Its not a flash in the pan. It sneaks up on you . . . assuming youre still around. The legitimate reward of writing is the writing itself. Your job is to write and make it a part of your being. Of course you want people to appreciate your work, but thats the gravy, people. Improve, improve, improve. Then after years of daily diligence, someone just might recognize you as an overnight wonder. But if not, no big deal. Writing is what you would do with your life anyway.

W 4 OIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W 4 OIS - Essay Example Clearly, architecture is needed for a number of reasons, two of which are for the purposes of integration and standardization of an organization’s operating model (Blunt, Jones and Richard, 2003). At every point in time within the organizational development, the enterprise business model and the enterprise strategy are seen to lie apart as two independent components of the organization, that must be developed; one devoid of the other in order to bring change and success. Through architecture, there is a bridge developed between the two components of the organizational development agenda, making it possible to effectively integrate the two components into a single variable. On the issue of standardization, Blunt, Jones and Richard (2003) observed that at every point within the enterprise process such as planning, analysis, implementation, monitoring, and closure phases, it is important that a common scope of objective, aim and goal be carried out. This is necessary in ensuring that any completed enterprise or system development will be done according to a set scope. Through architecture, all these phases are given a common standardized scope to ensure that the system satisfied a uniform code (Wager, Lee and Glaser,

Capstone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Capstone - Essay Example When promoting their products, they make extensive use of celebrities as product ambassadors, which lends to their products and hence their consumers a sense of glamour and makes the consumer’s feel like some part of the celebrity’s skills rub off on them with the product usage. Nike target’s the common man who is interested in sports and fitness and banks on his skills and has a winning attitude. The brand also promotes hard work and competition and this is reflected through their promotional advertisements. Nike’s vision is â€Å"to  carry on the legacy of innovative thinking, whether  to develop products that help athletes of every level of ability reach their potential, or to create business opportunities that set Nike apart from the competition and provide value for our shareholders†. According to Nike’s vision for the future, they keep introducing innovative products in the market. Like, recently, they are going to launch the Nike à ¢â‚¬Å"Studio Wrap† in 2013, which are fashionable ‘barely there’ shoes, designed for people who are more into modern studio workouts like dance, Pilates and yoga. These shoes are the picture perfect mix of innovation, style and athletic requirements. Products like these by Nike help everyday and professional athletes the support and motivation to stick to a healthy lifestyle and to excel in their chosen field of sports. Nike products create additional value for its customers by adding style to the equation; all Nike products are aesthetically pleasing, yet high quality, innovative sportswear. 2. Analyze the five (5) forces of competition to determine how they impact the company. A big job to be done by the company’s strategists is to deal with its competitors; however that’s not all that their duties encompass. According to Porters’s theory there are four other forces that need to be taken into consideration. Following is a diagram outlining t he relationship between these five forces of competition. (Harvard Business Review Magazine, 2008) Originally published in 1979, Porter’s article talks about external forces that a company has to consider when planning competitive strategy. Namely, these include the bargaining power of producers, the bargaining power of consumers, indirect competition by substitute products, threat of new entrants due to barriers of entry and the rivalry between the existing players in the market in the specified category. (Harvard Business Review, Magazine, 2008). In Nike’s specific case, the business is lucrative and highly profitable and thus new entrants are common. This would reduce market share and profit levels but Nike stays on top of its game due to its immense goodwill in the market, its reputation, product quality and innovative techniques. However strategists have to remain on their toes to make sure that the company’s strategy doesn’t lag and allow new entran ts to gain on Nike’s expense. This requires them to continually innovate product design, establish strong customer relationships and loyalty, invest in research and development, invest in employee training, improve distribution and most importantly patent their designs and products to protect them from competitors. Using these precautions will mostly eliminate the threat of new market entrants. Threat from substitutes is low, because Nike provides essential gear for athletes and sports men and women which cannot really be substituted by other product, especially in the shoe category. Other sports gear

Conway Inn - Conway, TX Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Conway Inn - Conway, TX - Research Paper Example In this paper, the focus will be on some deficient areas that need to be taken care of by the hotel’s management in order to improve the levels of customer satisfaction and organizational productivity. Customer service quality raises many issues for almost every company related to hospitality industry in some way or other. Although the management of Conway Inn hotel takes good care of every business process to meet the required standards of quality, but there is an area which still needs some focus in order to bring it in line with the quality of all other business process. The area which needs improvement is the customer service area the quality of which has gone down a little in the past couple of years. Customers have made complaints about the behavior, food serving, and room service of the employees of the hotel. The management of the hotel needs to resolve these customer service quality issues in order win the trust of the precious customers and protect the customer base from shortening because of the customer service issues. It is essential for a company from the hospitality industry to implement a well-developed quality management system because it helps in attracting and retaining customers, as well as in gaining competitive advantage in the market. Quality management system is implemented in a company to ensure that the quality of the products and services meet the standards. It acts as the foundation for an organization’s success because without the implementation of an effective quality management system, an organization cannot become able to ensure the optimum level of quality in its business processes. Quality management in hotel industry improves overall business performance. In our case, decreasing customer satisfaction due to low quality customer service is causing problems for the company. A quality management system will be needed to improve this area and get the trust of the

How did WWII change America and the World Essay Example for Free

How did WWII change America and the World Essay The World War II remains the bloodiest and deadliest crisis in world history. It involved the best ever battle lines, enormous armed forces, along with the most destructive weapons in the history of the world (Martel 245). The worldwide disagreement that was regarded as or labelled World War II emanated from the 1930s great depression, a turmoil that undermined, destabilized and weakened economies, governments’ and nations around the world. For instance, in Germany, the rise of Hitler occurred partially because he alleged to be capable of transforming a destabilized Germany by then to an autonomous economic and military power that could control its destiny not only in Europe, but in the entire world as well (Martel 240). This paper therefore explores how this global conflict (WWII) changed America and the entire world. For the US, World War II constituted the most significant fiscal event of the 20th century (Higgs 53). The war’s consequences on the United States were diverse and far-reaching. It indomitably ended the great depression, and the US federal government came out from the war as a possible economic actor, capable of regulating fiscal activity and to partly control the world economy via spending and consumption. What’s more, the wartime economic explosion spurred and promoted a number of social trends. First was the job creation that paralleled the growth of industrial production, in so doing, attained what Roosevelt’s New Deal programs had been incapable to achieve (Rindfuss, Morgan Swicegood 86). According to Higgs (58), in 1940, there were more than eight million unemployed Americans. However, by 1941, unemployment became a thing of the past. There were in fact labour shortages in numerous industries. Consequently, federal inspectors did ignore laws deterring employment of women and children (Martel 250). With little or no public outcry, several high school dropouts escalated substantially. Also, several women were absorbed in the workforce to assist make implements and munitions of war. These women were later nicknamed ‘Rosie the Riveter’ and were pivotal part of the US success in war (Martel 251). Additionally, the WWII revitalized American industries, and a lot of sectors were by the end of the war (1945) either brusquely oriented to defence production (for instance, electronics and aerospace) or entirely dependent on atomic energy (Rindfuss, Morgan Swicegood 82). The organised labour unions were as well strengthened far beyond the depression period and became a key counter-balance to both private and government industry. Given the fact that novel employment took place in unionized workplaces, plus industries funded by the American government, the continuance of membership decision during World War II was a magnificent advantage for organized labour (Rindfuss, Morgan Swicegood 84). As a result, organized labour increased from ten million in 1941 to approximately fifteen million by 1945. Also, about thirty six percent of the work-force in non-agricultural sector was unionized, recording the highest percentage ever in American history. Similarly, the war’s speedy technological and scientific changes continued and deepened trends commenced during the great depression and shaped lasting anticipation of continued novelty on the part of several engineers, citizens and government officials. Besides, the significant increases in individual income as well as quality of life throughout the war resulted in a number of Americans foreseeing permanent improvements to their material needs (Rindfuss, Morgan Swicegood 85). That said, the World War II brought to an end the godless Nazi regime plus their murder machine. It as well wrecked Japan’s control over Pacific, thereby ushering in the atomic age (Martel 255). Europe that had been under authoritarian Nazi boot became under the Communist boot. Besides, the war led to medicine improvements in the world, particularly in the use of antibiotics. New-fangled forms of occupational and physical therapy to assist returning veterans and wounded soldiers were as well invented and used. What’s more, the work of individuals, such as von Braun in the Second World War greatly transformed world technology, especially rocket technology, which became a major focus during Cold War (Neufeld 164). The dramatic transformations in military technology resulted in changes to operational and tactical skills. Stanovov (1) asserted that all contemporary warfare grew from the concepts which first came from 1939-1945. The actions of pooled units, close relations of dissimilar armed services, the greatly escalated significance of radio-electronic warfare, strategic bombings, psychological and mass information warfare, to mention just some factors. The World War II became in fact total in psychological, technical and informational senses, radically transforming the prerequisites to logistical support. Moreover, it spectacularly changed the balance between small and large economies in the world platform. Whilst previously the disparity between the armed forces of a small and large country was largely quantitative, with WW2 it became qualitative, as a few nations in the world could manage to create fully-fledged nuclear-era armed forces (Stanovov 1). Finally, every great conflict, especially concerning great allies and axis, brings something unique to the art of warfare. But Second World War was outstanding in that respect. The changes in the hardware, equipment, structure and the way military forces were utilized were unique both in their significance and scope. Even WWI that first witnessed major use of war tanks, submarines and planes had never brought to fore such massive change to the world.

Colonizing Planets other than Earth Essay -- Mars Colony space explora

Earth has a population of more than six billion people. As this number continues to grow, the populated land masses fill up, and it seems that eventually they will all be overcrowded. Certain areas are already showing this overpopulation, such as large American cities including Los Angeles and New York City. Some countries do not suffer from overcrowding due to high population, but to a high ratio of population to resources. As the natural resources of an area are depleted, the quality of life of the people who live there decreases. If the human race is to prosper as a whole, there must be enough resources to support the global population. In order to support our increasing population, we must learn to harness new resources. Some scientists are considering the possibilty of learning to inhabit other planets. This plan includes a process called terraforming, which is defined as "transforming a planet into something resembling the earth, especially as regards to human habitation." This is widely thought of as "Science Fiction" - but 50 years ago so was just about everything that is commonplace today. What alternatives do we have? Are there any planets out there that are like enough to earth that they could be so transformed? The body most commonly thought of in association with terraforming is Mars. There are several reasons Mars is looked upon favorably. The gravity on Mars is about 0.38 g, compared to 1 g on Earth. It is believed that humans could live in such a gravity without any side effects like bone shrinkage. The day on Mars is about 24.5 hours, compared to 24 hours on Earth. This means that there wouldn't be any agricultural problems relating to day length. There are large quantities of rust (FE203) which woul... ...sing the temperature by 10 K to start this whole process wouldn't be enough to create a comfortable climate. The savage dust storms on Mars will still exist, as well as some carbon dioxide. It seems there are many different ideas for what sort of material would be required to construct a usable biodome. Over the years people have speculated over the use of glass, metal, plastic, etc. It is speculated that once the process of terraforming is begun, it will take decades to complete. With the technology we have available to us today, the scientific community is divided as to whether it will ever be possible. Works Cited: On To Mars! http://www.geocities.com/marsterraforming The Nine Planets http://www.nineplanets.org Red Colony http://www.redcolony.com Nasa http://www.nasa.gov The Terraforming Information pages http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~mfogg

Symbolism and Repression in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper e

Symbolism and Repression in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is as a wonderful example of the gothic horror genre. It was not until the rediscovery of the story in the early 1970’s that â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was recognized as a feminist indictment of a male dominated society. The story contains many typical gothic trappings, but beneath the conventional faà §ade hides a tale of repression and freedom told in intricate symbolism as seen through the eyes of a mad narrator. It is difficult to discuss the meaning in this story without first examining the author’s own personal experience. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† gives an account of a woman driven to madness as a result of the Victorian â€Å"rest-cure,† a once frequently prescribed period of inactivity thought to cure hysteria and nervous conditions in women. As Gary Scharnhorst points out, this treatment originated with Dr. Weir Mitchell, who personally prescribed this â€Å"cure† to Gilman herself. She was in fact driven to near madness and later claimed to have written â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† to protest this treatment of women like herself, and specifically to address Dr. Weir Mitchell with a â€Å"propaganda piece.† A copy of the story was actually sent to Mitchell, and although he never replied to Gilman personally, he is said to have confessed to a friend that he had changed his treatment of hysterics after reading the story (15-19). Although the autobiographical aspects of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† are compelling, it is the symbolism and the underlying feminist connotations that lead best to discussion. First is John, the narrator’s husband. He could be viewed as the patriarchy itself, as Beverly Hume says, with his dismissal of all... ... J.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 6th ed. New York: Harper Collins, 1995. 424-36. Hume, Beverly A. â€Å"Gilman’s Interminable Grotesque’: The Narrator of ‘The Yellow Wallpaper.’† Studies in Short Fiction 28.4 (1991):477-84. Johnson, Greg. â€Å"Gilman’s Gothic Allegory: Rage and Redemption in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper.’† Studies in Short Fiction 26.4 (1989):521-30. King, Jeannette and Pam Morris. â€Å"On Not Reading between the Lines: Models of Reading in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper.’† Studies in Short Fiction 26.1 (1989): 23-32. Owens, E. Suzanne. â€Å"The Ghostly Double behind the Wallpaper in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s ‘The Yellow Wallpaper.’†   Ã‚  Ã‚   Haunting the House of Fiction. Ed. Lynette Carpenter and Wendy K. Kolmar. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1991 64-79. Scharnhorst, Gary. â€Å"‘The Yellow Wallpaper.’† Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Boston: Twayne, 1985. 15-20.  

History of India Essay

India, or Bharat, the fifth largest and the second populated country in the world, is one of the few countries which can boast of an ancient, deep-rooted and diverse culture, which stretches back to 5000 years. In ancient times, India was known as ‘Bharata Varsha’, the country of the legendary king of Puranic times called Bharat, and was believed to be a part of the island continent called ‘Jambu Dvipa’. Geologically speaking, India formed part of the Gondwana land and was attached to Antarctica and Australia, before it was liberated from the Antarctica complex about 135 million years ago and started drifting towards the north and finally joining South Asia about 45 million years ago. The Siwalik foothills of the north-western Himalayas served as home to the fossil primate genus known as Ramapithecus, which lived some 14 million years ago. Researches have also found that a species resembling the Australopithecus lived in India some 2 million years ago. Some anthropologists believe that the Chotanagpur region witnessed the transformation of Homo Erectus to Homo Sapiens. This claim is based on the findings of hand axes and blades in the region of Pathalgarwa and the discovery of Harappan pottery in the nearby areas. Early Civilisations Extensive archaeological excavations carried out at Mohenjodaro in the present Pakistan in 1922 brought to light the existence of a highly sophisticated and urbanized culture known as the Harappan Civilization in India, which dominated the north-western part of the Indian Subcontinent. It is believed that this civilisation covered an area of 1600 km from east to west and 1100 km from north to south, which exceeds the area occupied by contemporary civilisations like the Egyptian and Mesopotamian Civilisations. This civilisation is generally dated from about 2600 to 2000 B.C. However, Carbon-14 analysis of the structures at Mehrgarh near the Bolan Pass has indicated that the people of this place were growing wheat and barley and tending sheep and goat as early as 5000 B.C. Archaeologists have by now discovered more than 800 sites related to the Harappan Civilisation. Most scholars believe that the Harappan Civilisation was decayed as a result of the ‘problems of ecology’. The next most important phase in the Indian history came centuries later with the advent of Aryans from the northwest of India. The Aryan migration to India was gradual and spread over many centuries. There is a difference of opinion about the original home of the Aryans. The different suggestions given by different scholars vary considerably in terms of geographic position in the world. Bal Gangadhar Tilak suggested that the Arctic region could be the home of Aryans. P.Giles suggested Hungary, Austria, Bohemia or the Valley of Danube as the possible home of Aryans, while Max Muller suggested Central Asia, Penka suggested Germany or Scandinavia, Edward Mayer suggested Plateau of Pamir and Dr B.K.Ghosh and Gordon Childe suggested South Russia. There are others who vouch for an Indian origin of the Aryans, like Ganganath Jha (origin from Brahmarishi Desh), D.S.Kala (hilly region of Himalayas and Kashmir), Avinashchandra Das (Saptasindhu Pradesh) and Rajbali Pandey (Madhya Desh). The Aryans developed a remarkable culture, popularly known as Vedic culture, which was markedly different from the Harappan Culture. The Vedic period is divided into the Rig Vedic Period (1500-1000 B.C.) and the Later Vedic Period (1000-600 B.C.). The Vedic period can be considered as the foundation stone for the Indian culture in all its multitudinous aspects. It laid the foundation for the Hindu Dharma and produced a host of religious and secular texts, which constitute a very important part of the religious heritage of India. The Vedas, Upavedas, Upanishads, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and the Dharmashastras were produced during these times. The institution of gotra and the caste system appeared in the later Vedic times. From this period onwards, India functioned as a virtually self-contained political and cultural unit, which gave rise to a distinctive tradition that was associated primarily with Hinduism, although other religions, notably Buddhism and Jainism in the ancient times, Islam in the medieval period and Christianity in the modern times, did make a strong impact on the socio-cultural aspects of India. Endless Diversity There is an endless diversity in India starting from its physical features to Geologic structure, fauna and flora, demographic structure, races, languages, religions, arts and crafts and customs and traditions. India has been variously described as â€Å"the Mini World†, the â€Å"epitome of the world† and an â€Å"ethnological museum†. The diversities are so bewildering that for many people in the Western world, India remains a land full of mysteries and myths. The diversity in India is unique in the sense that it binds the country together in some form of common identification. Underneath this diversity lies the continuity of Indian civilization and social structure from the very earliest times until the present day. This concept of ‘Unity in Diversity’ is perhaps typical of India and has served as its strength during all ages and during the roughest times in its political and cultural history. It is amazing that different elements of Indian culture, particularly its drama and the arts, despite passing through different political phases, are characterised by an unmistakable unity and continuity. The successive waves of migration into India starting with the Indo-Greeks (2nd Century B.C.), the Kushans (First century A.D.), the incursions from the northwest by Arab, Turkish, Persian and others beginning in the early 8th century A.D. and finally the establishment of the Muslim empire by the 13th century A.D. and the advent of Europeans ‘ the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English, the Danes and the French ‘ into India, have brought in new elements in arts, music, literature, customs and traditions, which got absorbed into the Indian way of life, thus enriching the Indian culture . From the very ancient times India not only absorbed the foreign cultures into its composite fold, but it also managed to spread the rich elements of its own unique culture in different parts of the world. It is historically recorded that the Chola rulers had cultural contacts with countries like Ilamandalam (Sri Lanka), Sri Vijaya (Sumatra), Chavakam (Java), Kamboja (Cambodia) and Kadaram (Malay Peninsula). Evidences of these early Indian contacts are still found in the art and architecture of these countries. The Southeast Asian countries formed a stronghold of Indian culture from the early centuries of the Christian era. The various Southeast Asian languages show strong influence of Sanskrit. Many earlier kingdoms of these countries had adopted Hinduism as their religion, whose influence is perceptible even today. India presents a picture of unity in diversity to which history provides no parallel. There is complete harmony in India in each of its cultural elements. Religion and philosophy, which forms the bedrock of any civilisation, are evident in India in the form of all major religions in the world — Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism and Judaism. Several unique philosophical thoughts like Kapila’s Sankhya Philosophy, Patanjali’s Yoga, Gautami’s Nyaya, Kananada’s Vaisheshika and Jaimini’s Purva Mimamsa developed in India and attracted the attention of the outside world. Religious tolerance has been the characteristic of the Indian civilisation right from the ancient days. Hindu sages declare that there is no single religion that teaches ways leading to an exclusive path to salvation. All genuine spiritual paths are valid and all great religions are like the branches of a tree ‘ the tree of religion. This doctrine lays foundation for the Hindu ideal of universal harmony. This tradition was carried forward in the medieval times by the Sufi and Bhakti saints like Ramananda, Kabir, Guru Nanak, Baba Farid, Baba Malukadasa, Baba Dharinidasa and Garibadasa. Indeed, the framers of the Indian Constitution ensured the continuance of these glorious traditions when they declared India as â€Å"Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic Republic†. Regional Diversity: Each state of India has its own language and set of tribes, festivals, arts and crafts and customs and traditions. While there are the Chenchus tribes in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, Bhils and Gonds in the Central India, Dogris, Gujjars and Ladakhis in the Jammu and Kashmir and Nagas, Bodos, Mishmis, Gharos and Khasis in the Northeast, there are tribes like the Jarewas, Onges, Andamanis and Sentinelese in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. There are some festivals, which are typical of particular states, towns or villages like the Bonnalu of Andhra Pradesh, Pushkar of Rajasthan, Rajrani of Orissa, Teej of Rajasthan and Bogali Bihu of Assam. Each region is also identified with its typical folk and tribal dance forms, like Puli Vesham of Andhra Pradesh, Keli Gopal of Assam, Chhau of Bihar, Dandia of Gujarat, Bhangra of Punjab and Otthanthulal of Kerala. A similar distinction can also be established in the folk drama, theatre and puppetry forms, as also the arts and crafts. Development of Arts and Fine Arts There was a continuous evolution of drama, music, dance, painting and folk art forms under the different political rules in India that ultimately led to the development of the definite ‘Indian’ element in each of these forms. Thus, within the ambience of Indian culture one can identify ‘Indian Music’, ‘Indian Dance’, ‘Indian Theatre’, ‘Indian Literature’, ‘Indian Fairs and Festivals’ and so on. Indian music has a very long and unbroken tradition, which is an accumulated heritage of centuries and traces its roots to Vedic days. Bharata’s Natyashastra (4th Century A.D.) is a great, comprehensive work on the science and technique of Indian drama, dance and music. The advent of Muslim rule in India brought in a changed perspective in the style of the Northern Indian music. The traditional Hindu devotional music form of dhruvapad got transformed into the classical dhrupad form of singing under the Muslim rule. The khayal developed as a new form of singing in the 18th century A.D. and became equally popular among the Hindus and Muslims. Different ragas began to be introduced from the medieval times. Tansen created many new ragas like Darbari Kanada, Darbari Todi, Miyan Ki Todi, Miya ki Malhar and Miya ki Sarang, which until now, are regarded as the foremost ragas of Northern India. Sultan Hussain Sarki of Jaunpur introduced ragas like Jaunpuri tori and Hussaini Kanada. Amir Khusro is credited with the creation of the Hemant, Prabhat Kali and Hem Behag ragas. A large variety of foreign musical instruments like Harmonium, Sarod, Shehnai, Sitar, Tabla and Violin were introduced in India to supplement the ancient musical instruments like Flute, Nadaswaram, Veena, Gootuvadhyam, Thavil, Mridangam and Plain drum. The six outstanding Sanskrit playwrights of all times, Shudraka, Harsha, VisakhA.D.atta, Bhasa, Kalidasa and Bhavabhuti have made tremendous contributions in the field of dramatics. Kalidasa’s Shakuntala, King Harsha’s Ratnavali, Bhasa’s Swapna-vasavadatta, Bhavabhuti’s Uttara-rama-charita and Mahavira-charita, Visakhadatta’s Mudrarakshasa are some of the outstanding Sanskrit plays, which indicate that India had a highly sophisticated theatre tradition in ancient times when in most other countries it was still in its infancy. Again in the field of literature, the earliest writing can be traced to the Rig Vedic poetry in Sanskrit. The Rigveda consists of 1028 suktas or hymns that are distributed in ten books called mandalas. This is perhaps, the earliest poetry in the world. The two great Sanskrit epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata composed by Valmiki and Vyasa respectively, along with the Puranas, constitute the pillars of the Indian literature. The Manu Smriti (1st century B.C.) is the best illustrator of the Dharma-sastras or Smritis or the Hindu religious laws. Kalidasa, Bairavi, Sudraka, Vishnu Sharma, Dandin and others composed several literary masterpieces in the ancient times. India’s contribution to the world was also immense in the field of astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Aryabhatta was the first to state that the earth moves round the sun and that the eclipses are caused by the shA.D.ow of the earth falling on the moon. Aryabhatta’s Aryabhatiya, Dasagitika-Sutra and Aryastasata belonging to the 5th century, Varahamihira’s Pancha-siddhantika, Brahmagupta’s Brahmasphuta-siddhanta and Khanda-khadyaka, Bhaskaracharya’s Siddhanta-shiromani and Karana-kutuhala and Bhoja’s Raja-mriganka are important ancient Indian texts on astronomy. Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans, which was consolidated 2500 years ago by Charaka, who was described as the ‘Father of Medicine’. Another ancient Indian Sushruta, who is considered as the ‘Father of Surgery’, is believed to have conducted complicated surgeries using over 125 different surgical equipments. Usage of anaesthesia was also well known in ancient India. Like-wise deep knowledge of anatomy, physiology, aetiology, embryology, digestion, metabolism, genetics and immunity is also found in many ancient Indian texts. India’s most precious gift to the world is zero (0), which wa s referred to as Shunya in the ancient texts. Algebra, trigonometry and calculus also came from India. One of the best-known achievements of the Indian mathematics is the decimal system. Its first occurrence was on a plate of the year 595 A.D. where the date 346 A.D. was written in decimal place-value notation. Aryabhatta, who calculated the value of p as 3.1416, is also credited with the creation of Algebraic analysis. Budhayana explained the concept of the Pythagorean Theorem way back in the 6th century. Brahmagupta’s Brahma-Sphuta-Siddhanta has two chapters devoted to arithmetic, algebra and geometry. Bhaskara’s Lilavati was for many centuries a standard work on arithmetic and Mensuration in the East. The world’s first university was established in Takshila in 700 B.C., where more than 10,500 students from all over the world studied over sixty different subjects. The University of Nalanda established in the 5th century B.C. was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education. Described as â€Å"The Oxford University of Mahayana Buddhism†, it offered wide range of subjects like literature, logic, grammar, medicine, philosophy and astronomy. Sanskrit is the mother of all the European languages. A report in the Forbes magazine of July 1987 described Sanskrit is the most suitable language for the computer software. Vaishali, in modern Bihar, is often described as the World’s First Republic, as it had a duly elected assembly of representatives and efficient Administration as early as the 6th century B.C. Modern India The British rule in India, despite its several excesses and oppressive characteristics, had made several useful and lasting contributions to the Indian culture. Several social and administrative reforms were introduced during the British period. Warren Hastings brought about a reorganisation of judicial institutions and re-codification of the Hindu law. He established courts of appeal for civil and criminal cases at Calcutta and also a Supreme Court at Calcutta (now Kolkata). He also gave active encouragement to the formation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Lord Cornwallis laid the foundation for the present Indian constitution. He also brought about judicial reforms by replacing the Shariat law with the English law. William Bentick abolished evil practices prevailing in the Indian society like Sati and female infanticide and introduced modern western education in India. He also established the Calcutta Medical College and the Elphinstone Institution at Bombay (now Mumbai). Lord Dalhousie set up the Public Works Department to look after the construction and maintenance of roads. He also set up the Post & Telegraphs Department and issued the first postage stamp in 1852 at Karachi. He opened the first Railway line on April 16, 1853 between Bombay and Thane. He also legalized the marriages of Hindu widows. The British introduced the neo-Colonial and Indo-Saracenic styles of Architecture in India. They were also instrumental in encouraging the development of modern theatre and cinema movements in India. The British enacted several laws and regulations, many of which are still followed in the Indian administrative set-up in some form or the other. The positive outcome of English education was most felt when many Indian social reformers began to emerge on the scene to fight against the social evils like Caste system, untouchability and emancipation of women and the downtrodden. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the foremost among such social reformers, who established the Brahmo Samaj. Soon, other organisations like the Prarthana Samaj, Arya Samaj, Dev Samaj, Ramkrishna Mission and the Theosophical Society of India were set up with similar aims and objectives. After Independence, the Indian Government enacted several legislations to tackle the prevailing social evils. Several steps were also initiated towards the emancipation of women and protection of the weaker sections of the society. Economically and socially, India has made great strides since independence. It has a well-developed infrastructure and a highly diversified industrial base, its pool of scientific and engineering personnel is the third largest in the world, and the pace of its agricultural expansion has more than kept up with the growth in its population. Rapid strides were also made in the field of Science and Technology and Research. India’s eminent scientists like C.V.Raman, Hargobind Khorana and S.Chandrasekhar won Nobel Prizes for outstanding contributions in their respective fields. India has an advanced and well-developed Space Technology programme and the remote sensing data from its IRS series of satellites is much sought after all-over the world. India has even launched satellites for advanced countries like Germany and South Korea. India is now a nuclear power, but its nuclear policy is not aimed at the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction or threatening the security of any country. India’s foreign policy is based on ‘enlightened self-i nterest’, peaceful co-existence and respect for international law and the United Nations Organisation. March into the New Millennium India marched into the new Millennium as the fifth biggest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). It has become the leading supplier of IT professionals in the world, particularly to the United States. Its population having crossed the one-billionth mark, India has perhaps the largest middle class market in the world. It is indeed a matter of great pride for India that the world has given due recognition to Indians and Indian leaders as major contributors, who have shaped the world during the last millennium. Mahatma Gandhi was voted the Man of the Millennium in an online opinion poll conducted by the British Broadcasting Service (BBC)’s online news site in December 1999. In an earlier BBC Online poll conducted in May 1999, Gandhi was also voted as the Greatest World Leader. The Time magazine also chose Gandhi as the most important person of the century, next only to Albert Einstein. The former Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, was named as the â€Å"Woman of the Millennium† in a BBC poll, ahead of several other distinguished personalities of the world. India’s culture and heritage is so rich and deep-rooted that it may take several months or even years to understand all its dimensions. From the time immemorial India has fascinated many a world traveller like Fahien, Hiuen Tsang, Ibn Batuta, Alberuni, Ferishta, Vasco da Gama, Marco Polo and several others. Albert Einstein once said: â€Å"We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made.† The great German Indologist Max Muller said: â€Å"If I were to look over the whole world to find out the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power and beauty that nature can bestow ‘ in some parts a very paradise on earth ‘ I should point to India. If I were asked under what sky the human mind has most fully developed the choicest gifts, has most deeply pondered on the greatest problems of life, and has found solution of some of them, which well deserve the attention even of those who have studied Plato and Kant ‘ I should point to India.’ The following quotation of the great American philosopher and writer Will Durant sums up the divine land called India, thus ‘India was the motherland of our race, and Sanskrit the mother of Europe’s languages; she was the mother of our philosophy; mother, through the Arabs, of much of our mathematics; mother, through the Buddha, of ideals embodied in Christianity; mother, through the village community, of self-government and democracy. Mother India is in many ways the mother of us all.’